Firebirds of a Feather

**Rescheduled to the 21/22 season. Dates to be confirmed.**

The Lesher Center for the Arts

1 hour and 50 minutes, with intermission

What’s Interesting About This Concert

  • Australian composer Melody Eötvös drew inspiration for Saqqara Bird from an ancient Egyptian artifact which looks like a toy but which could be related to early experiments in aviation.
  • Grammy-winner and former California Symphony composer-in-residence Mason Bates wrote this cello concerto to showcase the incredible talents of long-time friend and featured artist Joshua Roman.
  • The Birds was written by Respighi in the twentieth century but sounds like it could have been penned two hundred years earlier by Vivaldi or J.S. Bach.
  • Based on a Russian fairy tale, Firebird Suite was Stravinsky’s breakthrough hit and an instant smash with audiences and critics alike.

The Program

EötvösSaqqara Bird

The Saqqara artifact.
The Saqqara artifact.

The Saqqara Bird is a bird-shaped artifact made of sycamore wood, discovered during the 1898 excavation of the in Saqqara, Egypt. It has been dated to approximately 200 BCE, and is now housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The Saqqara Bird has a wingspan of 180 mm (7.1 in) and weighs 39.12 g (1.380 oz).[1] Its purpose is not understood because of a lack of period documentation.

Conventional ideas

Some think the Saqqara Bird may be a ceremonial object because the falcon, the bird after which the Saqqara Bird is modeled, is the form most commonly used to represent several of the most important gods of Egyptian mythology, most notably the falcon deity Horus and the sun deity Ra Horakhty. Others have posited it may have been a toy for an elite child, or that it could have functioned as a weather vane. Some have also speculated it may have been used as a sort of boomerang, as such technology was common and well known in ancient Egypt in the form of a throwing stick used for hunting waterfowl.[2] Another hypothesis is that this bird was positioned on the masthead of sacred boats used during the Opet Festival.[3] Reliefs showing those boats are found in the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak and date to the late New Kingdom.[4]

Controversial ideas

Some have suggested that the Saqqara Bird may represent evidence that knowledge of the principles of aviation existed many centuries before such are generally believed to have first been discovered. Egyptian physician and dowser[5] Khalil Messiha has speculated that the ancient Egyptians developed the first aircraft.[6] In spite of these claims, however, no ancient Egyptian aircraft have ever been found, nor has any other evidence suggesting their existence come to light. As a result, the theory that the Saqqara Bird is a model of a flying machine is not accepted by mainstream Egyptologists. Richard P. Hallion notes that it is "far too heavy and unstable itself to fly."[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Messiha, Hishmat (1973). "[Saqqara Bird]". Egypt Travel Magazine. Cairo: Ministry of Tourism, Dept. of Publicity (153). ISSN 0013-2381. OCLC 1567664.
  2. ^ Larry Orcutt (2001). "Model Airplane?". Catchpenny Mysteries of Ancient Egypt. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
  3. ^ Khonsu Temple relief with three sacred boats
  4. ^ The Temple of Khonsu, Volume 1: Scenes of King Herihor in the Court, The Epigraphic Survey. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1979. ISBN 0-918986-20-6. Reproduction of the reliefs are visible at page 107 and following pages ".
  5. ^ "2002 Fall". American Society of Dowsers.
  6. ^ Messiha, Khalil; et al. (1991). "Aeronautics: African Experimental Aeronautics: A 2000-Year Old Model Glider". In Ivan van Sertima (ed.). Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern. Journal of African Civilizations. 5. New Brunswick: Transaction Books. pp. 92–99. ISBN 0-87855-941-8. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  7. ^ Hallion, Richard P. (2003). Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity Through the First World War. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0195160352. sakkara.

Read more on Wikipedia.org

BatesCello Concerto

The Cello Concerto of Mason Bates is an American concerto for cello and orchestra, dating from 2014. The work was a joint commission by the Seattle Symphony, the Columbus Symphony Orchestra, and the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra. It received its premiere on December 11, 2014 by the cellist Joshua Roman, former principal cellist of the Seattle Symphony and for whom Bates composed the concerto, and the Seattle Symphony, conducted by Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla.[1][2]

Composition

Structure

The Cello Concerto has a duration of roughly 25 minutes and is composed in three movements:[2]

  1. Con moto–Grazioso–Con moto
  2. Serene
  3. Léger

Instrumentation

The work is scored for solo cello and orchestra, where the orchestra consists of two flutes (2nd doubling piccolo and alto flute), two oboes, two clarinets (2nd doubling bass clarinet), two bassoons (2nd doubling contrabassoon), four French horns, three trumpets, two tenor trombones, bass trombone, tuba, timpani, three percussionists, harp, and strings.

Reception

Reviewing the world premiere, Melinda Bargreen of The Seattle Times praised the work for its "audience-friendly tonal language" and Techno-inspired orchestration. Bargreen wrote, "Attractive and tonal, featuring a first-rate soloist, this was a premiere that an audience could really appreciate, and the standing ovation was so enthusiastic that Roman finally returned for a solo encore".[3] Philippa Kiraly of the Classical Voice North America also lauded the piece, saying its "classical lyricism and melody combine fluidly with blues, jazz elements, and techno rhythms that come straight from the 21st-century electronic club scene."[2] Lynn Green of The Columbus Dispatch commended Bates for "capitaliz[ing] on the natural, organic aspects of musicianship in his cello concerto." Green added, "This challenging work is not so much about melody as expressions of color, texture and energy."[4]

Roman has since performed the concerto to critical acclaim with such orchestras as the Berkeley Symphony, the Oklahoma City Philharmonic and the Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra.[5][6]

References

  1. ^ Tom Keogh (December 5, 2014). "Joshua Roman to bring world premiere cello piece to Benaroya". The Seattle Times. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Kiraly, Philippa (December 15, 2014). "Seattle Symphony Premieres Bates Cello Concerto". Classical Voice North America. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  3. ^ Bargreen, Melinda (December 12, 2014). "Joshua Roman introduces a world-class world premiere". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  4. ^ Green, Lynn (February 1, 2015). "Review: Columbus Symphony director designee's debut avoids leaning on standards". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  5. ^ Rick Rogers (November 23, 2015). "Review: Invigorating Oklahoma City Philharmonic concert featured intriguing star". The Oklahoman. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  6. ^ Scott Cantrell (January 9, 2016). "Bates to Beethoven, an exhilarating Fort Worth Symphony concert". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved May 14, 2016.

External links

Read more on Wikipedia.org

RespighiGli uccelli (The Birds)

The Birds (Italian: Gli uccelli) is a suite for small orchestra by the Italian composer Ottorino Respighi. Dating from 1928, the work is based on music from the 17th and 18th-century[1] and represents an attempt to transcribe birdsong into musical notation, and illustrate bird actions, such as fluttering wings, or scratching feet. The work is in five movements:

The suite was used for the ballet of the same name, with choreography by Cia Fornaroli, first performed at Sanremo Casinò Municipale on 19 February 1933; with choreography by Margarita Wallmann at the Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires, on 27 February 1940; and by Robert Helpmann, with design by Chiang Yee, by the Sadler's Wells Ballet at the New Theatre, London on 24 November 1942.[2]

Between 1965 and 1977 the first movement was used as the opening and closing theme for BBC TV series Going for a Song. The music played along with the sound of a bird in a cage automaton.

Instrumentation

References

  1. ^ Harry Beard, "Ottorino Respighi" (obituary) , The Musical Times (June 1936), 77 (1120): pp. 555-556
  2. ^ Arnold Haskell (ed.), Gala Performance (Collins 1955) pg. 215

External links

Read more on Wikipedia.org

StravinskyFirebird Suite

This article is about the ballet to Stravinsky's 1910 music. For other uses of the word, see Firebird.

The Firebird (French: L'Oiseau de feu; Russian: Жар-птица, romanized: Zhar-ptitsa) is a ballet and orchestral concert work by the Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky. It was written for the 1910 Paris season of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes company. The original choreography was by Michel Fokine, who collaborated with Alexandre Benois on a scenario based on the Russian fairy tales of the Firebird and the blessing and curse it possesses for its owner. Its premiere at the Opéra de Paris on 25 June 1910 was an immediate success, catapulting Stravinsky to international fame.

The ballet was not only Stravinsky's professional breakthrough, but also the beginning of his partnership with Diaghilev, which would subsequently produce Petrushka, The Rite of Spring, Pulcinella, Mavra, and Les noces.

History

Stravinsky, sketched by Picasso in 1920

Background

Igor Stravinsky was the son of Fyodor Stravinsky, the principal bass at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, and Anna (née Kholodovskaya), a competent amateur singer and pianist from an old established Russian family. Fyodor's association with many of the leading figures in Russian music, including Rimsky-Korsakov, Borodin and Mussorgsky, meant that Igor grew up in an intensely musical home.[1] In 1901, Stravinsky began to study law at Saint Petersburg Imperial University, while taking private lessons in harmony and counterpoint. Sensing talent in the young composer's early efforts, Rimsky-Korsakov took Stravinsky under his private tutelage. By the time of his mentor's death in 1908, Stravinsky had produced several works, among them a Piano Sonata in F-sharp minor, a Symphony in E-flat, and a short orchestral piece titled Feu d'artifice ("Fireworks").[2][3]

In 1909, Stravinsky's Scherzo fantastique and Feu d'artifice were premiered in Saint Petersburg. Among those in the audience was the impresario Sergei Diaghilev, who was about to debut his Ballets Russes in Paris.[4] Diaghilev's intention was to present new works in a distinctively 20th-century style, and he was looking for fresh compositional talent.[5] Impressed by Stravinsky, he commissioned from him orchestrations of Chopin's music for the ballet Les Sylphides.[6]

Creation

Alexandre Benois recalled that in 1908 he had suggested to Diaghilev the production of a Russian nationalist ballet,[7] an idea all the more attractive given both the newly awakened French passion for Russian dance and the expensive costs of staging opera. The inspiration of mixing the mythical Firebird with the unrelated Russian tale of Koschei the Deathless possibly came from a popular child's verse by Yakov Polonsky, "A Winter's Journey" (Zimniy put, 1844), which includes the lines:

And in my dreams I see myself on a wolf's back
Riding along a forest path
To do battle with a sorcerer-tsar (Koschei)
In that land where a princess sits under lock and key,
Pining behind massive walls.
There gardens surround a palace all of glass;
There Firebirds sing by night
And peck at golden fruit.[8]

Benois collaborated with the choreographer Michel Fokine, drawing from several books of Russian fairy tales including the collection of Alexander Afanasyev, to concoct a story involving the Firebird and the evil magician Koschei. The scenery was designed by Aleksandr Golovin and the costumes by Léon Bakst.

Diaghilev first approached the Russian composer Anatoly Lyadov in September 1909 to write the music.[9] There is no evidence that he ever accepted the commission, despite the anecdotal story that he was slow to start composing the work.[10] Nikolai Tcherepnin composed some music for the ballet (which he later used in his The Enchanted Kingdom), but withdrew from the project without explanation after completing only one scene.[11] After deciding against using Alexander Glazunov and Nikolay Sokolov,[12] Diaghilev finally chose the 28-year-old Stravinsky, who had already begun sketching out the music in anticipation of the commission.[12]

Stravinsky would later remark about working with Fokine that it meant "nothing more than to say that we studied the libretto together, episode by episode, until I knew the exact measurements required of the music."[13] Several ideas from works by Rimsky-Korsakov were used in The Firebird.[citation needed] Koschei's "Infernal Dance" borrows the highly chromatic scale Rimsky-Korsakov created for the character Chernobog in his opera Mlada, while the Khorovod uses the same folk tune from his Sinfonietta, Op. 31.[citation needed] The piano score was completed on 21 March 1910 and was fully orchestrated by May, although not before work was briefly interrupted by another Diaghilev commission: an orchestration of Grieg's Kobold, Op. 71, no. 3 for a charity ball dance featuring Vasily Nijinsky.[14]

Soon thereafter, Diaghilev began to organize private sneak previews of The Firebird for the press. French critic Robert Brussel, who attended one of these events, wrote in 1930:

The composer, young, slim, and uncommunicative, with vague meditative eyes, and lips set firm in an energetic looking face, was at the piano. But the moment he began to play, the modest and dimly lit dwelling glowed with a dazzling radiance. By the end of the first scene, I was conquered: by the last, I was lost in admiration. The manuscript on the music-rest, scored over with fine pencillings, revealed a masterpiece.[15]

Reception

Tamara Karsavina as the Firebird and Michel Fokine as Prince Ivan in the 1910 Ballets Russes production of the ballet.

The Firebird was premiered by the Ballets Russes at the Palais Garnier in Paris on 25 June 1910, conducted by Gabriel Pierné.[16] Even before the first performance, the company sensed a huge success in the making; and every performance of the ballet in that first production, as Tamara Karsavina recalled, met a "crescendo" of success.[17] "Mark him well," Diaghilev said of Stravinsky, "he is a man on the eve of celebrity."[18]

Critics praised the ballet for its integration of decor, choreography and music. "The old-gold vermiculation of the fantastic back-cloth seems to have been invented to a formula identical with that of the shimmering web of the orchestra," wrote Henri Ghéon in Nouvelle revue française, who called the ballet "the most exquisite marvel of equilibrium" and added that Stravinsky was a "delicious musician."[17][19] Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi hailed the young composer as the legitimate heir to The Mighty Handful.[20] The ballet’s success also secured Stravinsky's position as Diaghilev's star composer, and there were immediate talks of a sequel,[21] leading to the composition of Petrushka and The Rite of Spring. In Russia, however, reaction was mixed. While Stravinsky's friend Andrey Rimsky-Korsakov spoke approvingly of it, the press mostly took a dim view of the music, with one critic denouncing what he considered its "horrifying poverty of melodic invention."[22] A fellow Rimsky-Korsakov pupil, Jāzeps Vītols, wrote that "Stravinsky, it seems, has forgotten the concept of pleasure in sound. . . [His] dissonances unfortunately quickly become wearying, because there are no ideas hidden behind them."[23]

Sergei Bertensson recalled Sergei Rachmaninoff saying of the music: "Great God! What a work of genius this is! This is true Russia!"[24] Another colleague, Claude Debussy, who later became an admirer took a more sober view of the score: "What do you expect? One has to start somewhere."[25] Richard Strauss told the composer in private conversation that he had made a "mistake" in beginning the piece pianissimo instead of astonishing the public with a "sudden crash." Shortly thereafter he summed up to the press his experience of hearing The Firebird for the first time by saying, "it's always interesting to hear one's imitators."[26]

Subsequent ballet performances

Paul Petrov in the production by the Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo in Sydney, 1936–1937

The Firebird has been restaged by many choreographers, including George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins (co-choreographers), Graeme Murphy, Alexei Ratmansky, and Yuri Possokhov.

The ballet was revived in 1934 by Colonel Wassily de Basil's company, the Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo, in a production staged in London, using the original decor and costumes from Diaghilev's company.[27] The company subsequently performed the ballet in Australia, during the 1936–37 tour.[28]

The work was staged by George Balanchine for the New York City Ballet in 1949 with Maria Tallchief as the Firebird, with scenery and costumes by Marc Chagall, and was kept in the repertory until 1965. The ballet was restaged by George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins in 1970 for the New York City Ballet with elaborated scenery by Chagall, and with new costumes by Karinska based on Chagall's for the 1972 Stravinsky Festival that introduced Gelsey Kirkland as the Firebird.[29]

In 1970 Maurice Béjart staged his own version in which the ballet's protagonist was a young man who rose from the ranks of the revolutionists and became their leader. The lead role was danced by .[30]

The Mariinsky Ballet performed the original choreography at Covent Garden in August 2011, as part of their Fokine retrospective.[31]

The National Ballet of Canada created a version of the Firebird for television, occasionally rebroadcast, in which special effects were used to make it appear that the Firebird is in flight.

On 29 March 2012, the American Ballet Theatre premiered the ballet with choreography by Alexei Ratmansky at the Segerstrom Center for the Arts in Costa Mesa, California, starring Misty Copeland.

The Royal Ballet staged 6 performances of the ballet at the Royal Opera House in London in June 2019, with Yasmine Naghdi performing the role of the Firebird.[32][33]

Synopsis

Drawing by Léon Bakst of Tsarevitch Ivan capturing the Firebird.

The ballet centers on the journey of its hero, Prince Ivan. While hunting in the forest, he strays into the magical realm of the evil Koschei the Immortal, whose immortality is preserved by keeping his soul in a magic egg hidden in a casket. Ivan chases and captures the Firebird and is about to kill her; she begs for her life, and he spares her. As a token of thanks, she offers him an enchanted feather that he can use to summon her should he be in dire need.

Prince Ivan then meets thirteen princesses who are under the spell of Koschei and falls in love with one of them. The next day, Ivan confronts the magician and eventually they begin quarrelling. When Koschei sends his minions after Ivan, he summons the Firebird. She intervenes, bewitching the monsters and making them dance an elaborate, energetic dance (the "Infernal Dance").

Exhausted, the creatures and Koschei then fall into a deep sleep. While they sleep, the Firebird directs Ivan to a tree stump where the casket with the egg containing Koschei's soul is hidden. Ivan destroys the egg, and with the spell broken and Koschei dead, the magical creatures that Koschei held captive are freed and the palace disappears. All of the "real" beings, including the princesses, awaken and with one final hint of the Firebird's music (though in Fokine's choreography she makes no appearance in that final scene on-stage), celebrate their victory.

Music

Numbers designated by Stravinsky in the score
  1. Introduction
First Tableau
  1. Le Jardin enchanté de Kachtcheï (The Enchanted Garden of Koschei)
  2. Apparition de l'Oiseau de feu, poursuivi par Ivan Tsarévitch (Appearance of the Firebird, Pursued by Prince Ivan)
  3. Danse de l'Oiseau de feu (Dance of the Firebird)
  4. Capture de l'Oiseau de feu par Ivan Tsarévitch (Capture of the Firebird by Prince Ivan)
  5. Supplications de l'Oiseau de feu (Supplication of the Firebird) – Apparition des treize princesses enchantées (Appearance of the Thirteen Enchanted Princesses)
  6. Jeu des princesses avec les pommes d'or (The Princesses' Game with the Golden Apples). Scherzo
  7. Brusque apparition d'Ivan Tsarévitch (Sudden Appearance of Prince Ivan)
  8. Khorovode (Ronde) des princesses (Khorovod (Round Dance) of the Princesses)
  9. Lever du jour (Daybreak) – Ivan Tsarévitch pénètre dans le palais de Kachtcheï (Prince Ivan Penetrates Koschei's Palace)
  10. Carillon Féerique, apparition des monstres-gardiens de Kachtcheï et capture d'Ivan Tsarévitch (Magic Carillon, Appearance of Koschei's Monster Guardians, and Capture of Prince Ivan) – Arrivée de Kachtcheï l'Immortel (Arrival of Koschei the Immortal) – Dialogue de Kachtcheï avec Ivan Tsarévitch (Dialogue of Koschei and Prince Ivan) – Intercession des princesses (Intercession of the Princesses) – Apparition de l'Oiseau de feu (Appearance of the Firebird)
  11. Danse de la suite de Kachtcheï, enchantée par l'Oiseau de feu (Dance of Koschei' Retinue, Enchanted by the Firebird)
  12. Danse infernale de tous les sujets de Kachtcheï (Infernal Dance of All Koschei's Subjects) – Berceuse (L'Oiseau de feu) (Lullaby) – Réveil de Kachtcheï (Koschei's Awakening) – Mort de Kachtcheï (Koschei's Death) – Profondes ténèbres (Profound Darkness)
Second Tableau
  1. Disparition du palais et des sortilèges de Kachtcheï, animation des chevaliers pétrifiés, allégresse générale (Disappearance of Koschei's Palace and Magical Creations, Return to Life of the Petrified Knights, General Rejoicing)

Instrumentation

The work is scored for a large orchestra with the following instrumentation:[34]

Ballet suites

Ivan Bilibin. A warrior — costume design for 1931 performance of The Firebird

Besides the complete 50-minute ballet score of 1909–10, Stravinsky arranged three suites for concert performance which date from 1911, 1919, and 1945.

1911 Suite

  1. Introduction – Kashchei's Enchanted Garden – Dance of the Firebird
  2. Supplication of the Firebird
  3. The Princesses’ Game with Apples
  4. The Princesses’ Khorovod (Rondo, round dance)
  5. Infernal Dance of all Kashchei's Subjects[35]

Instrumentation: essentially as per the original ballet.[36] The score was printed from the same plates, with only the new endings for the movements being newly engraved.

1919 Suite

  1. Introduction – The Firebird and its dance – The Firebird's variation
  2. The Princesses’ Khorovod (Rondo, round dance)
  3. Infernal dance of King Kashchei
  4. Berceuse (Lullaby)
  5. Finale

Instrumentation: 2 flutes (2nd also piccolo); 2 oboes (2nd also English horn for one measure); 2 clarinets; 2 bassoons; 4 horns; 2 trumpets; 3 trombones; tuba; timpani; bass drum; cymbals; triangle; xylophone; harp; piano (also opt. celesta); strings.[37]

This suite was created in Switzerland for conductor Ernest Ansermet.[38] When it was originally published, the score contained many mistakes, which were only fixed in 1985.[36]

1945 Suite

  1. Introduction – The Firebird and its dance – The Firebird's variation
  2. Pantomime I
  3. Pas de deux: Firebird and Ivan Tsarevich
  4. Pantomime II
  5. Scherzo: Dance of the Princesses
  6. Pantomime III
  7. The Princesses' Khorovod (Rondo, round dance)
  8. Infernal dance of King Kashchei
  9. Berceuse (Lullaby)
  10. Finale

Instrumentation: 2 Flutes (2nd also Piccolo); 2 Oboes; 2 Clarinets; 2 Bassoons; 4 Horns; 2 Trumpets; 3 Trombones; Tuba; Timpani; Bass Drum; Snare Drum; Tambourine; Cymbals; Triangle; Xylophone; Harp; Piano; Strings.

In 1945, shortly before he acquired American citizenship, Stravinsky was contacted by Leeds Music with a proposal to revise the orchestration of his first three ballets in order to recopyright them in the United States. The composer agreed, setting aside work on the finale of his Symphony in Three Movements. He proceeded to fashion a new suite based on the 1919 version, adding to it and reorchestrating several minutes of the pantomines from the original score.[39]

In popular culture

Reconstruction of the world premiere choreography and design at the Salzburger Pfingstfestspiele 2013. Ballet of the Mariinsky Theatre, Saint Petersburg.

Excerpts from The Firebird were used in Bruno Bozzetto's animated film Allegro Non Troppo[40] and in Fantasia 2000.

Saviour Pirotta and Catherine Hyde's picture book, Firebird, is based on the original stories that inspired the ballet, and was published in 2010 to celebrate the ballet's centenary.[41]

The influence of The Firebird has been felt beyond classical music. Stravinsky was an important influence on Frank Zappa, who used the melody from the Berceuse in his 1967 album Absolutely Free, in the Amnesia Vivace section of the "Duke of Prunes" suite (along with a melody from The Rite of Spring).[42][43] Prog rock band Yes has regularly used the ballet's Finale as their "walk-on" music for concerts since 1971. During the 1980s and 1990s, the chord which opens the Infernal Dance became a widely used orchestra hit sample in music, specifically within new jack swing.[44]

It was used in the opening ceremony of Sochi 2014 during the Cauldron Lighting segment.[45]

First recordings

Release year Orchestra Conductor Record Company Format Notes
1916 Beecham Symphony Orchestra Sir Thomas Beecham Columbia Gramophone Company 78 RPM Three excerpts from 1911 suite. First ever commercial recording of Stravinsky's music.
1924 London Symphony Orchestra Albert Coates His Master's Voice 78 RPM Premiere recording of the complete 1911 suite.
1924 Philadelphia Orchestra Leopold Stokowski Victor 78 RPM Premiere acoustic recording of the complete 1919 suite.
1925 Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra Oskar Fried Polydor 78 RPM Premiere electrical recording of the complete 1919 suite.
1947 New York Philharmonic-Symphony Igor Stravinsky Columbia Records 78 RPM/LP Premiere recording of the complete 1945 suite.
1960 London Symphony Orchestra Antal Doráti Mercury Records LP Premiere recording of the complete 1911 original score.

Notes

Citation notes
  1. ^ Walsh, Stephen (2012). "Stravinsky, Igor, §1: Background and early years, 1882–1905". Grove Music Online. Retrieved 9 August 2012. (subscription required)
  2. ^ Walsh, Stephen (2012). "Stravinsky, Igor, §2: Towards The Firebird, 1902–09". Grove Music Online. Retrieved 9 August 2012. (subscription required)
  3. ^ "Stravinsky, Igor, §11: Posthumous reputation and legacy: Works". Grove Music Online. 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012. (subscription required)
  4. ^ White 1961, pp. 52–53[incomplete short citation]
  5. ^ Griffiths, Paul (2012). "Diaghilev [Dyagilev], Sergey Pavlovich". Grove Music Online. Retrieved 9 August 2012. (subscription required)
  6. ^ Walsh, Stephen (1999). Stravinsky: A Creative Spring (Russia and France, 1882 - 1934). New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 122. ISBN 0-679-41484-3.
  7. ^ Benois' 1910 article: "Two years ago I gave voice … to the dream that a true 'Russian (or perhaps Slavonic) mythology' would make its appearance in ballet"; quoted in Taruskin 1996, p. 555
  8. ^ Taruskin 1996, pp. 556–557.
  9. ^ Taruskin 1996, pp. 576–577.
  10. ^ Taruskin 1996, pp. 577–578.
  11. ^ Taruskin 1996, pp. 574–575.
  12. ^ a b Taruskin 1996, pp. 579.
  13. ^ Stravinsky, Igor; Craft, Robert (1962), Expositions and Developments. New York City: Doubleday; page 128
  14. ^ Walsh 1 1999, p. 137
  15. ^ Walsh 1 1999, p. 138
  16. ^ Stephen Walsh: 'Stravinsky, Igor', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Retrieved 1 April 2008)
  17. ^ a b Taruskin 1996, p. 638.
  18. ^ White, Eric Walter. "The Man," Stravinsky the Composer and his Works (University of California Press, 1969), p. 18.
  19. ^ Walsh 1 1999, p. 143
  20. ^ Taruskin 1996, p. 639.
  21. ^ Taruskin 1996, p. 662.
  22. ^ Walsh 1 1999, p. 150
  23. ^ Walsh 1 1999, p. 151
  24. ^ Slonimsky 2014, p. 197.
  25. ^ Walsh 1 1999, p. 136
  26. ^ Walsh 1 1999, p. 188
  27. ^ Sorley Walker 1982, p. 41.
  28. ^ "Ballets Russes | What's On". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  29. ^ The 1970 restaging uses only the 1945 suite as accompaniment, as indicated by a program note whenever the work is performed.
  30. ^ Pitou, Spire (1990). The Paris Opera: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers; Growth and Grandeur, 1815-1914; M-Z. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-27783-2.
  31. ^ "Mariinsky in London Roundup". The Ballet Bag. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  32. ^ "The Firebird triple bill, Royal Ballet review – generous programme with Russian flavour". theartsdesk.com. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  33. ^ "A gorgeous triple bill to end The Royal Ballet's season". bachtrack.com. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  34. ^ Stravinsky, I. (1910). L'Oiseaux de Feu (conte dansé en 2 tableaux) [original ballet score]. Moscow: P. Jurgenson, 1911. Print.
  35. ^ Johnston, Blair. "L'oiseau de feu (The Firebird), concert suite for orchestra No. 1". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  36. ^ a b Kramer, Jonathan D. "Stravinksy's Firebird". cincinnatisymphony.org. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  37. ^ IMSLP.
  38. ^ Dettmer, Roger. "L'oiseau de feu (The Firebird), concert suite for orchestra No. 2". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  39. ^ Walsh, Stephen (2006), Stravinsky: The Second Exile (France and America, 1934 - 1971). New York City: Alfred A. Knopf; pages 173-175
  40. ^ Chris Hicks (12 March 1991). "Allegro Non Troppo". Deseret News. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  41. ^ "FIREBIRD". Catherine Hyde Home. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  42. ^ Zappa, Frank (1989). The real Frank Zappa book. United States: Simon & Schuster. p. 167. ISBN 0-671-63870-X.
  43. ^ Ulrich, Charles (2018). The Big Note. Canada: Star Books. p. 3. ISBN 9781554201464.
  44. ^ "The fascinating history of the "orchestra hit" in music". kottke.org.
  45. ^ "The XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi in 2014 has opened with a grand show thrilling spectators". Sochi Organizing Committee. 8 February 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014.

References

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